Nephrology - Hong Kong Medical Consultants (HKMC)

Kidney Stones

The main function of kidney is to filter blood impurities, coordinate water and electrolytes, etc., and produce urine. Accumulation of body wastes occurs with other health problems induced once the kidney function is affected by the disease.

What are Kidney Stones？

Kidney stone is mineral crystals in urine, which can be excreted with urine if small, but those that are bigger block ureter and affect the flow of urine.

Impact on Patients

Difficulty in discharging urine, urinary tract infection, kidney failure, etc.

Diagnostic Methods

Abdominal X-ray, intravenous pyelography, urine test, blood test, etc.

Treatment Methods

Decomposition of stone with drugs, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopic lithotripsy, etc.

Pyelonephritis

The main function of kidney is to filter blood impurities, coordinate water and electrolytes, etc., and produce urine. Accumulation of body wastes occurs with other health problems induced once the kidney function is affected by the disease.

What is Pyelonephritis？

Urine converges at renal pelvis, which leads to ureter. Most pyelonephritis is caused by bacterial infection, with increased risk by stones, tumors, etc.

Impact on Patients

Kidney abscess, septic shock, renal failure, organ failure, etc.

Diagnosis Methods

Urine test, intravenous pyelography, excretory urogram, etc.

Treatment Methods

Medication.

Glomerulonephritis

The main function of kidney is to filter blood impurities, coordinate water and electrolytes, etc., and produce urine. Accumulation of body wastes occurs with other health problems induced once the kidney function is affected by the disease.

What is Glomerulonephritis？

The glomerulus is the small filters in kidney responsible for forming urine from wastes in blood and excess water. When the glomerulus suffers from inflammation caused by factors such as bacterial infection, viral infection or immune disease, the above function cannot be performed.

Impact on Patients

Hypertension, acute renal failure, chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, death, etc.

Diagnosis Methods

Urine test, blood test, ultrasonography, renal biopsy, etc.

Treatment Methods

Medication, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, kidney transplantation, etc.

Chronic Kidney Disease

The main function of kidney is to filter blood impurities, coordinate water and electrolytes, etc., and produce urine. Accumulation of body wastes occurs with other health problems induced once the kidney function is affected by the disease.

What is Chronic Kidney Disease？

Chronic kidney disease refers to the irreversible decline of renal function, which is commonly caused by diabetes, glomerulitis, and hypertension, etc. Chronic kidney disease can be divided into the following stages: - Renal insufficiency: 51% - 80% normal renal function - Renal weakness: only 25% - 50% renal function - Renal failure: only 15% - 25% renal function - End stage renal disease: less than 10-15% renal function

Impact on Patients

Renal failure, hypertension, anemia, cardiovascular disease, renal osteodystrophy, death, etc.

Diagnosis Methods

Urine test, blood test, ultrasonography, intravenous pyelography, renal biopsy, etc.

Treatment Methods

Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, kidney transplantation, etc.

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